Three General Orders Essay

When you are on guard you are responsible for everything that occurs within the limits of your post while you are on duty. You are also responsible for all equipment and property located within the limits of your post. The exact limits of your post are defined by the special orders. The special orders should also include every place a guard must go to perform your duties. You will investigate every unusual or suspicious occurrence on or near your post provided that you do not have to leave your point of duty to do so. If necessary, you or the NCO who is on guard with you will contact the chain of command for instructions.While on guard you will remain at your place of duty and continue to perform all duties required until you are relieved by proper authority. If a guard requires relief because of sickness or for any other reason, you to notify your chain of command and wait until you are replaced by another guard or you have permission from the proper authorities to leave your point of duty. If you are not relieved when your time of duty is up, you do not abandon your post. You or the NCO on duty will contact your chain of command for instructions and stay at your point of duty until you are properly relieved.While on guard you will read over your special orders prior to you starting your duty. You will obey, execute, and enforce all special orders pertaining to your post. The commander of the guard is responsible for insuring that all guards understand their special instructions prior to being posted. In addition to your special orders, a guard is responsible to obey and carry out any orders or instructions from the commanding officer, field officer of the day, and officers and noncommissioned officers of the guard.No other persons are authorized to give a guard orders or instructions. Any special instructions for a guard should be issued through the guard's chain of command. When on guard you will pass instructions to your relief when appropriate. The informa tion is also given to the commander of the relief. You will perform your duties in a military manner and serve as an example to others. A guard reports all violations of special orders to the commander of the relief. You may have to apprehend the offender, if necessary. A guard reports all emergencies that occur on or near post.The guard will take whatever action is prescribed in your special orders or guard instructions. Anytime the guard is in doubt as to what action to take, or it is not covered in the special orders, you will call the commander of the relief for instructions or assistance. Sleeping on guard duty is not tolerated by any means. If you fall asleep on guard duty a lot of things can happen. Your post can be over run, the equipment that you are meant to guard could be stolen, or the building you’re guarding could get broken into.You could face a UMCJ action for falling asleep because you’re in violation of FM 22-6 which covers guard duty. You are looked upon to perform your duty at all times and if you fall asleep you fail to do your part and cover all things that are covered in you special orders. Any violations that may occur at your post you can become a part of because you fell asleep while the violations happen. Falling asleep on guard duty prevents you from reacting in a timing manner to an emergency. Over all falling asleep hinders you from doing your job on guard.

Governmen assistance programs

Thousands of people rely on these services daily, without these programs for some daily life is not possible. I for one oppose these government assistance programs and agree with the statement † Welfare has become a system that creates dependency and is a crutch for which individuals never aspire to do better†. Food Stamps otherwise known as Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP). It is a federal aid program, administered by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.SNAP is the largest nutrition assistance program and is estimated to eave served more than 40 million low income Americans per year. The program started in 1939 due to unmarketable food surpluses and widespread unemployment. I believe Food Stamps are being abused in our society by most, and have become a free pass for Junk food, I think the government should stop funding it. WICK was created in 1974 as a response to the realization that hunger and poverty were widespread in this country and that inadequa te nutrition poses a real threat to the human body.The program is aimed at low-income pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and infants and children under the age of five. WICK started in 1968 when physicians described to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the USDA that young women, often pregnant, came to their clinics with various ailments that were caused by a lack of food. The doctors would prescribe needed foods, with the prescription acting as a sort of food voucher. I believe WICK keeps low Income families stable and should continue being funded.Public Housing Is housing administered by federal, state and local agencies to provide subsidized assistance for low-income households. According to Wisped â€Å"Permanent, federally funded sousing came Into being In the United States as a part of Franklin Roosevelt New Deal. Title II, Section 202 of the National Industrial Recovery Act, passed June 16, 1933, directed the Public Works Administration (PAW) to develop a program for the â€Å"construction, reconstruction, alteration, or repair under public regulation or control of low-cost housing and slum-clearance projects†¦ . However most of current-day public houses or â€Å"projects† have degenerated Into areas of poverty. I believe that public housing needs to be updated because of this reason. As according to Businesslike. Com most republicans agree that governmental orgasm should stop being funded such as Food Stamps. They claim the program Isn't tax-friendly. Democrats claim The programs help vulnerable people at a time when It Is difficult to find Jobs and feed families.Nonetheless I think these federal programs should stop being funded because they create a dependency and some waste taxpayer dollars, however I think there should be cheaper, and more thought- through alternatives that actually solve peoples problems or help to an extent without the programs being taken advantage of. Government assistance programs By playfello ws the prescription acting as a sort of food voucher. I believe WICK keeps low income families stable and should continue being funded.Public Housing is housing low-income households. According to Wisped â€Å"Permanent, federally funded housing came into being in the United States as a part of Franklin Roosevelt New public houses or â€Å"projects† have degenerated into areas of poverty. I believe that As according to Businesslike. Com most republicans agree that governmental isn't tax-friendly. Democrats claim The programs help vulnerable people at a time when it is difficult to find Jobs and feed families. Nonetheless I think these federal

Restaurant ADA

Visit a restaurant, diner, pizza parlor, or another food restaurant and imagine what it would be like if you were in a wheelchair. You will complete the survey provided. Responses should be clear and informative. If the assignment includes errors in sentence structure, spelling etc. Points will be deducted. You will need a tape measure for this assignment.If appropriate, introduce ourselves to the restaurant manager and explain the purpose of your assignment. Directions for submission are located in the overview. Introductory Paragraph: Include the name of the restaurant, location, and why you selected this particular restaurant. (2 points) The restaurant I picked was Noshes De Colombia in Englewood, NJ. The reason landed on this restaurant is because I know the manager there and it was easy for me to explain to him on what I was doing. The restaurant is by my hometown, so I figured would visit my family, get good food and complete this assignment.Restaurant Requirements (2 points) a . Is the top of the table or counter between 28 and 34 inches above the floor? What is it? Yes it is. Measurement: 30 inches b. Are all aisles between fixed tables at least 36 inches wide? What is it? Yes it is. Measurement: 38 inches c. Do seating spaces provided for wheelchair users have at least a 30 by 48 inch clear floor space which adjoins an accessible route? How much? Yes it is. Measurement: 35 inches d. Summary of what you found It was pretty noticeable that they meet the requirements for handicap/ wheelchair individuals inside the restaurant.Doing the measurements weren't difficult. Curb Ramps (2 points) a. Is there a curb ramp wherever an accessible route crosses a curb? (e. G. Street or parking lot) Describe where. Yes, before you walk in the restaurant in the parking lot in front of the handicap parking spaces. B. Is the curb ramp at least 36 inches wide? How wide? No it wasn't it measured out to be 35 inches. C. Are the curb ramps protected so that they will not be obs tructed by parking vehicles? Describe Yes there is an aisle for people to walk up and down. When it comes to curbs, everything was where it was suppose to. Fortunately, the curb ramp wasn't at least 36 inches wide. Bathrooms (2 points) a. Are the bathrooms located on an accessible route? Describe. Yes, the bathrooms are located in the front of the restaurant with a clear accessible route. B. If there are toilet stalls, is one at least 60 inches wide? Explain. Yes there is, in both bathrooms there is a handicap accessible stall over 60 inches wide. C. Is there a turning space (60 inch diameter circle or T-shaped space) in the bathroom space? Explain. Yes, there is enough room for wheelchairs to complete a circle. D.Does the door swing not intrude into the clear floor space? Explain. No it doesn't, when the door swings in, there is still more than enough room. E. Does the stall door swing into the stall? Is there additional space to maneuver? Explain. Yes it does, but there is still m ore than enough room. F. Are the soap dispenser and paper towels accessible for someone In a wheelchair? Explain. Unfortunately it doesn't, it is too high for someone in a wheelchair to reach. G. Summary of what you found When it comes to the restrooms, it was very accessible for individuals in wheelchairs.The only downfall was the soap dispensers. Parking Area (2 a. Is there handicapped parking available? Describe. Yes, there are a couple of spots by the front entrance. B. Is anyone parked in a handicapped space that is not supposed to be there? Explain. Not when I was there c. Summary of what you found When it comes to the parking lot, there where no downfalls. Closing Paragraph: Summarize your experience and reflect on what you have learned. This should be sincere and offer personal insight into how you now perceive the challenge a person in a wheelchair might have. Include the impact of DAD (10 points)The restaurant I picked was very accessible for wheelchairs. Unfortunately, th e soap dispensers were to high up. When thinking about being in a wheelchair could only imagine the amount of frustration they must go through especially if a restaurant or any place isn't too accessible. Everyday is a struggle for them and after doing this assignment I wish could do something so that all places are more handicap friendly. Doing this assignment was stressful knowing there are a lot of requirements but my heart goes out to all persons in a wheelchair because know how frustrating it can be.

Car is dangerous Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Car is dangerous - Essay Example Most of these cases occur once children are left alone in a hot car. Is happens sometimes when the attendant forgets that there were children in the car or when children get into cars without the knowledge of any adult. Within a few minutes the children can be in danger (Heat danger in cars: not just a summer problem, 2012). In some instances, parents do not like taking their children in and out of that cumbersome car seat. This is when they argue that they are making a quick belief stop. However, the stakes are very high. According to Christopher McStay, MD who is an emergency room doctor, it is never okay to leave children or pets in a car even when the windows are left down. He says that he has witnessed his share of casualties in the emergency room. According to him, a car is a greenhouse and the temperatures can become very hot in a very short time (Heat danger in cars: not just a summer problem, 2012). According to scientists, on a day that is only 72 degrees Fahrenheit, the temperature in a car may rise by 30 or to 40 degrees within an hour, and more than 70 percent of this increase happens within the first 30 minutes (Grundstein, Dowd & Meentemeyer, 2012). They say that there may be heat stroke which may happen once the body temperature exceeds 104 degrees Fahrenheit. That results to the irresistible temperature of the brain causing dizziness, confusion, agitation, seizure, sluggishness and loss of consciousness or even death (Grundstein, Dowd & Meentemeyer, 2012). The National Highway traffic Safety Administration advises that when one happens to see a child left alone in hot car, the person should call 911 right away. And incase the child is in distress because of heat, they should be removed from the car as fast as possible (Musso, 2014). According to doctors, it is unfortunate that some child carriers make it difficult to know if there is a child in the seat because

The practises and process of change management Essay

The practises and process of change management - Essay Example Due to ease of measurement and adjustment, more concentration is given to the hard side and the soft side is ignored as the impacts on the soft side are hard to measure and due to this difficulty, they are even hard to alter. It is clear that the most challenging part of change management is the soft side or the side that concerns people. Body A huge range of change management models and literature is available to help managers in dealing with changes and implementing changes successfully. Theoretical models have provided tremendous amount of insight about how managers can successfully implement change. But these models are not applicable to every situation and managers need to handle change according to their own situations. The models provided for change by several theorists have been created while keeping in mind that these models are applicable to the general population of the organizations. The first theory proposed regarding change was done by Kurt Lewin in which he stated that there are a number of factors that influence an individual’s perception to change and an individual might go through three stages in order to accept and implement change. According to Kurt Lewin’s theory, change does not occur suddenly; rather individuals and organization go through a process before they finally adopt change. According to him there are three stages that need to be travelled for organization’s to change. The first part of this three staged process is unfreezing in which the state of an organism of not being ready to accept changed is altered to being ready and enthusiastic to take the initial steps to accept change (MAILICK, 1998, p.15). The unfreezing stage is undoubtedly the most important of all stages because in this change an individual has to first be ready to change. To make an individual ready to accept change, the management of an organization has to take several necessary steps. These steps include, informing employees about the necess ity of changing and the current comfort boundary is no longer a viable option. The information about necessity to change will motivate individuals and the higher will be the amount of urgency to change, the higher the level of employee motivation towards change will increase (GILLEY, 2005, p.35). Once the management has been successful in unfreezing the people working within the organization, they next move towards solving the issue of how to continue with the change process. Kurt Lewin states that change is not a one time event; it continues to take place in the form of a process and thus has regarded the process of change as a transition (MAILICK, 1998, p.15). Transition here does not signal the changes that can be witnessed; rather these changes include those alterations that take place inside as a reaction of the proposed change. The second stage proposed by Kurt Lewin is the changing stage in which the actual change arises and the changes that are desirable take place. In this stage, the employees working within an organization shift from old ways of doing things to new ways of doing things. The problem with this stage is that it is the most complex stage of the entire change process as this stage gives rises to the fear of unknown within the people (SENGUPTA, 2006, p.3). This change step is even considered difficult as in

Nosocomial Infections, Sanitation in Medical Settings Research Paper

Nosocomial Infections, Sanitation in Medical Settings - Research Paper Example This refers to the diseases or infections caused by the hospital environment as a favoring factor. According to the CDC the number of deaths as a result of nosocomial diseases is about 100,000 (Acton, 2013). This infections as commonly caused by bacteria and micro-organisms in the hospital environment. Most common nosocomial diseases include pneumonia infections, urinary tract and blood stream infection. In an argument by WHO (2002) nosocomial infections are mostly caused by the inability of health providers to abide by sanitation regulations. The author further asserts that patient mishandling and practitioner carelessness constitute the largest causing factors of nosocomial infections. The infection’s common route of transmission is direct contact. In this mode of transmission a practitioner may come into contact with a patient with equipment that have not be sanitized, or body to body contact. There infection could also be transmitted through droplet transmission. The droplets may be from a sneeze, cough or talking during sensitive procedures. For instance, a practitioner is required to cover their nose and mouth during surgeries to avoid droplet transmission of infection. Airborne transmission is also a common way nosocomial infection are transmitted. This may be in case or airborne diseases such as tuberculosis. Food, water, devices and medications may also transmit infections if poorly handled. Acton (2013) asserts that simple precautions could be put in place to minimize the occurrence of nosocomial infections. Firstly, sterilization should be done of equipment that are reused in a medical setting. In an instance where a practitioner or a patient put the environment at the risk of infection, isolation should be considered for the person. This would ensure the person does not contaminate the health setting. For the practitioners basic hygiene procedures should be

Ecommerce federal express Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ecommerce federal express - Essay Example Choosing a service, plus an option is the first step to placing an order with FedEx after a customer has opened an account, where services to choose from include U.S. packages and envelopes, international packages and envelopes, freight services, C.O.D. and other options. The second step, packaging the shipment, as stated in its website provides customers with packaging options, help tips for preparing the package for shipment, and packaging services. Processing the shipment, the third step, enables customers to use a FedEx electronic shipping tool such as the FedEx shipping manager which â€Å"helps a customer quickly and easily complete all of his/her shipping documents — from airbills and air waybills to bar-code labels, and more — online; apart from the FedEx shipping manager, there are â€Å"other FedEx ® electronic shipping tools simplify your shipping process and paperwork by: providing online airbills and air waybills, Commercial Invoices, and other customs documentation; preventing delays  caused by  inaccurate or incomplete documentation; saving you time  so you can  focus on more important matters† as stated in its website. E-commerce provides competitive advantage in both the outside-in and inside-out perspective of building an organizational capability. From an outside-in perspective, e-commerce allows FedEx to build relationship with its FedEx brand and its customers through its website which is part of its direct marketing efforts, allowing customers to interact with the company as it provides faster access for them to avail of the services, while it also works to reinforce the brand by allowing customers to check if the delivery of the availed service has been met according to what FedEx has promised them. The database also allows FedEx to keep track of its customers, know their preferences and

One Organized Crime Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One Organized Crime Questions - Essay Example In 1917, D’Aquila efficiently managed to suck up the Comorra gangs. In 1918, Comorra had assassinated the leader (Benson & French, 2008). Morello. Later, after many atrocious activities of these criminal gangs, Carlo Gambino became boss, owing to the death of Anastasia, a former leader in the early 1950s (Benson & French, 2008). Gambino then secretly conspired against another leader, Genovese, who was detained, and handed a 15-year imprisonment. At this time, the Gambino family emerged as a significant gang family within New York. Currently, the gang is highly controlled, with three key members as the heads. These include Anthony Gurino, Giovanni Gambino, and Joseph Juliano (Benson & French, 2008). Danny Leo serves as the interim boss. The street boss and the underboss are Liborio and Venero respectively. The gang estimated number of members rises slightly above 200, with various associates across the US and regionally (Benson & French, 2008). The gang still exists, albeit the apprehension and sentencing of numerous

English II db2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English II db2 - Essay Example It is my strongest believe children should be given an opportunity to grow into responsible citizens who can make responsible decisions and change the future of our nations. The lives of children should not be filled with misery and depressing experiences which affect their development negatively. According to one particular expert, â€Å"Beauty Pageants† encourage young girls not to be themselves. They are associated with an immense variety of negative psychological and social defects as well as inappropriate attentions (Kesley Rodriguez, 2013). By participating in such events as pageants at tender ages, young girls want to remain in a particular social class which they may not be able to sustain and as a result they have to overstretch in order to appear what they want to be. This is the beginning of social problems for these girls and the end results may not be good even though their intentions may not be bad. Scientific research points at a statistic of sixty percent the children beauty pageant contestants having psychological problems while the remaining forty percent are actually not happy during the event (Martina M. Cartright, 2006). This further shows negative aspects of children taking part in pageant contests. It is the position of psychologists that one’s development is largely determined and shaped by the events which occurred in their early life during childhood. Beauty pageants lead to the individuals desiring to be absolutely perfect (Sigmund Freud, 2004). The young girl having been introduced to such tendency early in life will therefore lead the rest of her life wanting to appear more perfect than others and this may lead her to encounter relationship problems with others. According to Claire Lindsey (2013) beauty pageants for young girls encourage inappropriate and unhealthy tendencies. Physical harm accompanies their struggle for physical perfection e.g.

UNIT MATH DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNIT MATH DB - Essay Example However, this approach of teaching is some times lacks as students are not motivated to remember (formulas) and it does not connect geometry to real life in the â€Å"real world†. There are different ways by which teaching of geometry, specifically surface area and volumes can be made more interesting. One way by giving students different types of shapes (cube, prism, cone, etc.) and asking them for calculating surface area and volume, or asking them how they will calculate. In another way, asking every student of class to explain calculating of surface area and volume of specific objects and let them choose the objects or it can be given to them by lottery systems. The most important aspect of teaching is to explain students how they can derive the formula they use for calculation. If a student knows, the basic idea behind the formula they use and how they are derived, than it will be lot easier for student to calculate surface area and volume of any other shapes or objects for which there is no formula given in textbook. Sometime we see different types of shapes that cannot be fit in any specific shapes such as cube, sphere, pyramid, or any other shape. Now , for calculating surface area and volume of these types of shapes (which do not have any specific shape), one must know the basic understanding of the subjects not just only remembering of formulas. In conclusion, there should be more emphasis on basic of the formula that are derived should be taught to students. In addition, students should be encouraged to find new shapes and study them and later discuss them with other classmates, whatever findings they come across. In addition, some types of projects should be given to students in which they make any specific types of shapes with the help of paper, cardboard, etc. and later calculate the surface area and volume of

The Importance of Self-Expression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Importance of Self-Expression - Essay Example This is what Charlotte Perkins Gilman explained in her literary work in 1892, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. With her own personal experiences on this predicament, she narrated her poignant tale of suffering, depression and nervousness. She asserted that vitality can be achieved only when pent-up emotions are given the right of self-determination. In her case, or of her narrator, suppression of emotions and lack of mental stimulation jeopardized her sanity and further worsened her mental illness rather than curing it. The monotony in her life turned out to be detrimental in her psychological well-being. As aforementioned, a mind needs an outlet to express the imagination it holds. This imagination is meant to be projected and communicated. Hence, a simple idea existing in mind can provoke a reaction and convey it in a coherent, lucid form. Be it in a form of art, words, plain gestures or even attitude, these expressions are a form or a medium for communication. If this connectio n is held back, only trouble brews inside the mind without any release or escape. Without release, mind and body, both go in a state of helplessness and lunacy. And this is what the narrator of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† experienced. In her case, insanity took over because of her powerlessness to control her life. The constant reminder of not exhausting herself from any mental or physical work by her physician husband, John, situates her in a mental asylum. His patronizing attitude and lack of understanding about her feelings reduces their relationship into â€Å"...trust me as a physician?† (Gilman 278) one. Rather than interacting and understanding his wife’s problem, he abandons her to isolation of the house to cure her depression. Assuming that isolation from work and an idle mind would heal depression was actually not the right conjecture here. It’s because of this her imagination soars to new heights. With nothing worthy to do except stare at objec ts around her, she falls for the menacing yellow wallpaper in her bedroom. The horrid wallpaper then becomes her personal consolation and a subservient object of her undivided attention. She obsesses about discovering the intricate patterns and for the first time feels the thrill of the power to solve the enigmatic wallpaper patterns. The connection she feels after every discovery of the patterns is what excites her. This is how normally a sane person would react too. The need to express and share discoveries is ubiquitous and expressing one’s self or one’s perception is profound. Without self-expression, the communication process simply stops. The silence then becomes darkening and intimidating. And then eventually, the purpose of living easily succumbs to the black hole of nothingness. If this can disappoint a sane person, then the narrator of the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was already a victim of nervousness. The burgeoning desire to confront her problems pe rmits her to discover means of expression. But the restrictions imposed on any mental and physical work shun her mental capability. This provokes her to find reprieve in keeping a secret diary. By jotting her feelings, she finds a relation with the ‘dead paper and a great relief to my mind’ (Gilman 272). As she figures that her insight on any mundane task isn’t appreciated or understood by any of her family member, she resorts to writing. It becomes her sole companion who without any questions listened to her whine about her

Background check of hiring employee Essay Example for Free

Background check of hiring employee Essay In nowadays, background check of hiring employee is practicing by almost all agencies. Point is that, the skills of the applicant can be, somehow, figured out. It is much more difficult to assess the level of trust, honesty, mental toughness, and loyalty. Reading through chapter 9, and conducting a slight research, my answers to the questions of the given scenario are as follows: 1.Do temporary agencies have a â€Å"duty† to run background checks? If so, did Robert half â€Å"breach that duty?† Why or Why not? According to the law of negligence, temporary agencies should follow the duty policy on background check on pre-employment, in order not to satisfy an element of negligence. In case of Robert Half International Inc., and Fox Associates, Inc., I don’t think, that duty was breached, the company trusted to provided information by Ms. Ross about herself, and she got good recommendations from her former employers. At some extend, it is a background check. 2.The court ruled against Fox Associates. Was the court correct? Do you think Fox should have done its own background check? Why or Why not? I agree with the court decision, that it was determined that duty is not breached, because it happened unknowingly. Even though the company recommended the employee, Fox could do its own background check as well. 3.The fact pattern mentions that Sunbeam suffered similar damages when it failed to do its own background check on Mr. Dunlap, its former CEO. Who was more at fault, Sunbeam or the Executive search agency? In this case, the fault has an Executive search agency more, than Sunbeam, as it its straight duty to check background before approve for hiring. However, Sunbeam is liable for its losses also, because it should request and check the information about hiring employer. 4.Strategically and legally speaking, why do you think the former employers said nothing about Ms. Ross’ history and gave her good recommendations? There could be some reasons: 1). the former employers might feel sympathetic towards Ms. Ross, and they don’t believe that she has stolen any funds; 2) Ms. Ross, indeed a good specialist in her field; and the last 3) The former employers just didn’t tell the truth. 5.Develop one  unique background check policies for your company on employees hired through a search firm or temp agency. The main idea on background check which I’d like to develop, besides gathering information, confirmation of address, criminal records searches, is that pre-employee will answer some â€Å"simple† questions, which will ask him/her the same, but in different manner, and maybe I would add some psychological tests, which will let me know if that employee was capable to do something unethical in his past work experience.

Examining The Major Functions Of Online Banking Information Technology Essay

Examining The Major Functions Of Online Banking Information Technology Essay Online banking is the practice of making bank dealings via the Internet. It will give you an outstanding chance to bypass the time-consuming, paper-based aspects of usual banking in order to manage your finances more competently.   By switching to electronic bills, statements, and payments, the average American family can save 6.6 pounds of paper in one year! And you can grab any fake (scam) transactions faster than if you received a statement by snail post. Thanks to pioneering technology and the Internet in particular, we no longer have to leave the house to make payments. Online banking is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, so you can do it anytime, anywhere.   Online banking allows us to do various services with the click of a mouse. You can: 1.      Pay a bill. Electronic bill payment service allows a depositor to transfer money from his or her online account  to a creditor or merchant, for example to a public utility or a outlet. There is no need to stand in a long queue on a weekend morning to handle your transactions! The payment  is practically instant, though some financial institutions can wait until the next business day to send out the payment. If it is necessary, the bank can publish and mail a paper cheque or bankers draft to a creditor who is not set up to receive electronic payments.    2.      Schedule payments in advance. Most banks recommend clients the ability to schedule a payment on a particular date. Once the amount is entered and the payee is checked off, the funds are automatically deducted from your online bank account.   It is mainly useful if you constantly forget due dates. For example, you can schedule credit card or mortgage payments to make sure that you will not incur late fees and damage your FICO score. 3.      Transfer funds. Do you want to transfer money rapidly and securely? With online banking, you can  make money  transfers between your own  accounts, or send money to a third party account as well. All you need is recipient/payee information and enough funds in your account. Quite often, the operations are performed in real time. 4.      Manage all your accounts in one place. Online banking is an enormous time saver because it provides a chance to handle a number of bank accounts (checking, savings, CDs, IRAs, etc.) from a single site. Most new accounts you open will be automatically added to OB (Online Banking). 5.      View images of your checks online. Do you need a copy of a paid check? With online banking, you can see and print scanned images of the front and back of all checks you have written. It is easy and convenient. 6.      Apply for a loan or credit card.   By using an account online, you can apply for a credit card or a loan (a car loan, a student loan, a mortgage, a home equity loan, etc.) from the same bank. If you have a good credit score and long relationship history with your bank, your application is likely to be accepted.    7.      Purchase and manage CD accounts. You can purchase a certificate of  deposit from your bank If you have money you want to invest,. Online banking lets you compare all available offers as well as the terms, for example APY or maturity periods. When you confirm the purchase, the funds will be automatically deducted from your account.   8.      Order travelers checks. You can order American Express Travelers Cheques online. The bank will typically charge your online account for the sum of the cheques you bought and an express delivery cost.   9.      Increase your overdraft. Log in to online banking and click on Overdraft in the menu You can increase your overdraft online. 10.      Order a cheque book. Save your time by ordering cheque book online. You will need to visit your bank once when you get a confirmation letter that your cheque book is ready for collection.   11.      View up-to-the-minute account statements and balance. There is no need to wait for the bank statement to get to your P.O.Box to check account balances. You can view all transactions and withdrawals every day just by logging in to your online account. Additionally, you can immediately report errors or unauthorized transactions in your statement.   12.      View automatically updated spending report. All of your purchases are sorted into common categories automatically no receipts to keep, no expenses to enter. It is straightforward to see where your money goes! 13.      Track your payment history. Online banking provides an opportunity to look for your payments by transaction type, date, description or amount. When did you last pay Company X? When did you buy your computer? To whom did you make your most recent payment? Your bank knows the answers.   14.      Integrate the data with personal  finance  programs. Online banking lets you bring in electronic payment data in personal finance software such as Quicken or Microsoft Money. You will be able to enter into your online accounts directly from your personal finance program. An Internet connection and online account log in information is all that needed. 15.      Change contact details.   Have you moved to a new house? Changed your telephone number? You can log in to your online account and change contact information (e-mail address, telephone number, password, etc.). It is more secure than to send this information by e-mail.   16.      Utilize investment research.   You can receive real-time quotes, analytics, news and stock market information to make a more relevant and profitable decision. 17.      Take advantage of online brokerage. Internet banking lets you invest online. You can place and confirm  trades 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Most banks offer a wide range of money market instruments from various issuers. 18.      Get alerts. This service lets you to get timely e-mail messages from your bank about any critical changes related to your Internet accounts. For instance, you can get alerts when you make a withdrawal or change your contact information.   19.      Verify terms and conditions. You can verify all information about your account online whenever you forget your interest rates or payment due date. 20.      Chat with your customer assistant department. If you need help, you can send message to your banks customer assistant department. They will be in touch with you and try their best to help you solve your problem.   Now that I described various functions of Online banking it is the time to discuss Citibank functions and how they do them and what is the purpose of doing such functions. Here is the Citigroup Mission Statement: Citigroup Inc. (Citi) recognizes that foreclosures affect the individual, the family and the community. We also understand that early intervention and a full understanding of the available options are important for mitigating or minimizing the impact of foreclosures. Citis Office of Homeownership Preservation (OHP) is dedicated to finding solutions that preserve homeownership and help mitigate the challenges faced by borrowers. We work directly with borrowers at risk of losing their homes. We also work with any and all stakeholders who advocate on behalf of borrowers, including non-profit organizations, elected officials, government agencies, regulators and others. Our strong partnerships with these stakeholders help us to develop and implement homeownership preservation solutions and enable us to magnify our outreach and assistance to borrowers. For example, OHPs hotline for housing counselors greatly enhances their ability to work with us on behalf of our borrowers. And our borrower and counselor outreach programs, which we conduct in collaboration with partners in numerous locations around the U.S., bring help directly to at-risk communities. First I will explain the definition of e-banking. e-banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and traditional banking products and services directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication channels. E-banking includes the systems that enable  financial institution  customers, individuals or businesses, to access accounts, transact business, or obtain information on financial products and services through a public or private network, including the Internet. Customers access e-banking services using an intelligent electronic device, such as a personal computer (PC), personal digital assistant (PDA), automated teller machine (ATM), kiosk, or Touch Tone telephone. While the risks and controls are similar for the various e-banking access channels, this booklet focuses specifically on Internet-based services due to the Internets widely accessible public network. Accordingly, this booklet begins with a discussion of the two primary types of Internet websites : informational and transactional. Citibank offers vast amount of electronic banking products and services which enables customers fast and secure access to banking through Citibanks portfolio of bank. CitiDirect Online Banking business bankings new direction and is defined as a powerful new way to bank that puts customers banking functions all in one place at your fingertips and within reach of your entire organization.   For small companies, it means accessing global capabilities from your desktop and for multinationals its about getting a handle on your world. CitiDirect is the cornerstone of Citibanks vision of the future of banking. CitiDirect lets you access your accounts-real-time -and an ever-expanding portfolio of industry-leading products and services through the Web, so you can be more efficient, more flexible and more in control of your banking. Customers can access their information on bank balances, initiate both local and foreign currency payments and would shortly be able to initiate trade transactions and customer service requests. Benefits: Banking that changes as you change Customer Banking Services Leading Edge Security Online Support Fast, Efficient and Easy to Use Easy Access, Total Control Citibank Paylink is Citibanks premier payment product, enabling an absolute outsourcing of the payment route to Citibank for efficiency, time and cost savings to our customers. Citibank Paylink needs data creation, approval at customers offices and diffusion via on-line modem to Citibank where payment is authenticated and securely practiced either as cheques or Electronic Funds Transfers to receiver at Citibank or other banks. Citibank Paylink can also be edged with accounting systems to be given payment data prior to transmission on-line to Citibank. SAP R/3, JD Edwards, SUN and most major accounting systems have been successfully interfaced with Citibank Paylink. Citibank Paylink also incorporates a perform at library, which can be used for regular payment instructions of dealers, and beneficiaries. Citibank Paylink suggests a fast, suitable, consistent and secure way to effect payments, including: Foreign Currency/ Money Market Deal initiation Mass Payments Processing for Dividends, etc Accounts Payable Process Management Regional Payments Services Electronic Payroll Processing Customs and Duty Payments Benefits of Citibank Paylink: Security and control. Facilitates straight through processing Enhanced reconciliation Convenient, Flexible and adaptable system Elimination of check order, printing and signing process Time and cost savings Citibanking Online deals with cash management which is an progressively more important factor in overall business performance. Information on your bank accounts must be exact, up-to-date and instantly reachable. Citibanking Online is Citibanks Windows based electronic banking display place providing integrated access to account information. This system allows you to see, in a matter of seconds, the very latest of information on accounts you hold worldwide via a computer terminal in your office. Citibanking Online s competence and power provide a clear competitive edge wherever whenever you do business. Benefits:   Historical Data Simple Access and User Friendly Software Comprehensive Data Provides Instant Information Real-time Online Information Citibanking is considered as a product that offers admission to all Citibank branches around the globe. You can easily and from your own office, you can get connected to Citibanks network in a few seconds. You can also view the very latest information on accounts held globally. You can also transmit or transfer instructions to any Citibank location or branch in the world. Citibanking performs in either a single workstation or multi-user surroundings providing features and attributes adapted to meet your specific needs. Benefits: Security. Rapid, cost effective communications. Reliable, accurate records. Enhanced productivity. Citibanking is well-matched to financial institutions and global corporations; It is also well suited to trade transactions and works well with cash management.

Detection of Vanadium Using Immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo)

Detection of Vanadium Using Immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo) Naked eye detection of vanadium using immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol on functionalized HMS Mohamad taghi Samadi1, Abas Afkhami2, Kadijeh Shamsi 1, *and Abdolmotaleb Said mohamadi1 abstract In this work, inexpensive optical sensor for the naked eye detection of vanadium by immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol on the functionalized hexagonal mesoporous silica via N-trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride in aqueous mediae has been used. The effects of several factors such as pH, reaction time, amount of the material, and the presence of various concentration HMS-TMAC-PAR has been studied so as to optimize operating conditions. The detection was result the color change of PAR complexation with vanadium as of orange-yellow to purple in alkaline solutions. Furthermore, the good performance of the hexagonal sensors was dependent on main factors such as, the reaction time, and the pH value that showed possible naked-eye detection of vanadium concentration of special interest was that our mesostructured sensor design supply control over the retention of the potential functionality of the naked-eye sensing system of vanadium ions upon the storage and even lat er several regeneration and reuse cycles, indicating wide-scale reversibility of sensing methods. The detection and quantification limits for the method when determining vanadium were 40 ppb–400 ppb, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Good chemical stability of the substantial was seeing for a period of several months. Introduction Vanadium is ordinarily distributed in the earth’s crust but in little profusion. Vanadium at trace amounts represents a vital element for normal cell growth, but can be toxic when present at much concentration(1). the combustion of fossil fuel are described as one of the important sources of environmental pollution by vanadium since coal and oil are in among the richest sources of the metal . Usual deposits of vanadium in coal and basic oil vary amid 1 and 1.5Ãâ€"103 mg/kg and it has been estimated that different 65Ãâ€"103tons are released into the environment every year by natural discharges such as volcanoes and 2Ãâ€"105 tons by anthropological resource(2). The concentration of vanadium in water is largely dependent on geographical position and ranges from 0.0002 to more than 0.1 mg/litre in freshwater(3). the selective and sensitive detection of low concentrations of vanadium is very important (4). Though several methods are available for detection (AAS/AES[1] ØŒI CPMS[2] , ICPEAS[3] (1, 5) but these methods are expensive, need sophisticated apparatuss and require extreme control of experimental procedures or unavailable for the on-site detection. The field of optical chemical sensors has been a growing research area over the last three decades. Chemical sensors are miniaturized devices that can supply real time and on-line information on the presence of specific compounds in even complex samples(6) In the last years,have seen the appearance of mesoporous silicate-based sensing uses. Sensor system Mesoporous silicas, with large BET surface area, narrowly distributed pore size, high porosity(7), have shown unlimited potential for sensing applications in new years. Morphological control gifts them versatility in the mode of arrangement whether as monoliths, mass powders, thin films, or implanted in coatings. Great surface areas and pore sizes greater has made them effective as adsorbent. This elude the leaching that can occur from physical enca psulation and mesopores can allow accessibility of analytes to many of active locates systems, UV-visible spectrophotometry has been often used for quantitative determination of analytes(8). According to the recently research, The hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) is a material with high specific surface area and large pore diameter. HMS mesoporous silica has been first presented by Pinnavaia and co-workers(9) . present 0f high surface area and uniform pore size that make HMS suitable for catalyst supports(10) Moreover, Modifying the silica wall surface with organic groups to make their characteristic and achieve specific goal(11). A inexpensive visual sensor for the optical detection of very low concentrations of many heavy metal based on functionalization with 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR)(12). Its color changes from yellow to red while complexed with metal ions such as Cu2+. Various applications for PAR and its similarities have been put into practice. Therefore a different heavy metal ions responsive optical sensor (HMS-TMAC-PAR) has been prepared by grafted surface functionalization of the original HMS with (TMAC[4]) and then via immobilization of PAR probe. HMS-TMAC-PAR has some important advantages as a solid-state colorimetric sensor(13) .In the present paper, a simple, selective and sensitive method is proposed for the vanadium determination at very low concentrations. 2. Experimental 2.1.Reagents and materials Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) 98% (M = 208.33, d = 0.934 g/mL) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Germany). dodecylamine (DDA) 98% (M = 185.36) was purchased from Merck, Germany. TMAC (50% methanol solution) was purchased from ABCR, Germany. PAR was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Germany) .Ethanol and toluene was purchased from Merck .All materials were of analytical reagent (AR) grade and used without further purification. 2.2. Apparatus and instruments The XRD experiments were performed by a APD2000 diffractometer using Cu K_ radiation over the range of 1.54Aà ¢- ¦.FTIR spectra of the samples were recorded in mid IR (400-4000 cm−1) region on a PERKIN EL MER65 spectrometer, using KBr pellet technique. UV–vis spectra were measured on a HACH DR -5000 spectrophotometer. In order to measure the pH value a HACH SENSION1 digital pH meter was used . 2.3.Synthesis of hexagonal mesoporous silica Synthesis of hexagonal mesoporous silica was achieved by dissolve DDA (200 mg) in a mixed solvent of water (0.28 L) and ethanol (0.19 L), after that the addition of TEOS (0.0112 L). The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 9–11 with HCl. The finishing gel was stirred continually at room temperature for 18 h, and The product was filtered, washed by abundant distilled water, air-dried in an oven at 100à ¢- ¦C.and then was accomplished by calcinations at 640à ¢- ¦C for 4 h in air to remove the organic template. 2.4. Fabrication of HMS-TMAC-PAR Anhydrous toluene containing TMAC and HMS was refluxed for 18 h under an N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was washed thoroughly with ethanol and water to remove unreacted TMAC and then material was dried in an oven at 65 à ¢- ¦C for 12 h to obtain HMS-TMAC. The immobilization of PAR on HMS-TMAC was performed by the addition of 0.6 g HMS-TMAC solid to PAR solution (93 Ãâ€" 10−6 M, 180 mL) in stirring for 3 h. it was washed with water to remove unreacted PAR. The material was dried in a vacuum oven at 65  °C overnight and then ground to fine powder. The synthetic routes of HMS-TMAC-PAR were illustrated in Scheme 1. Scheme 1. HMS-TMAC-PAR 2.5.Detection procedure Batch and column processes were employed to study the detection of vanadium from aqueous solutions with HMS-TMAC- PAR. Concentration of stock solutions of vanadium (V) (1000.00  µg ml-1.) Prepared by dissolving 2.2965g ammonium metavanadate (99.99% Merck) in 1000ml of 5% hydrochloric acid solution. The suspension solutions of HMS-TMACPAR (0.5 g L−1) were prepared in aqueous solution at different pH values, which were adjusted with 0.2 M NaOH or 0.2 M HCl. Every time a 2 mL suspension solution of HMS-TMAC-PAR was filled in a 1 cm quartz cell and various stock solutions of cations were added into the quartz cell gradually by using a micro-syringe. Standard and blank solutions were prepared, in all the experiments in the same way as those samples. The linear working range for measurements was (y = 0.005x + 0.015, R2 = 0.990). The vanadium was estimated qualitatively using naked-eye colorimetric assessment and it was detected quantitatively using UV–vis reflectance spectrometry at 510 nm. 3.Results and discussion 3.1.Characteristics of HMS-TMAC-PAR The XRD patterns of samples are displayed in Fig. 1. The XRD measurements were employed in order to study the mesoporous structure of the supports. the patterns have a single low-angle diffraction peak at about 2 ÃŽ ¸ =1.9à ¢- ¦ for HMS and HMS-TMAC- PAR. but, the intensities of the peak of sample HMS-TMAC- PAR decrease, suggestive of that the mesoporous structure of sample HMS-TMAC- PAR. happen to fewer uniform ahead the foreword of the organic molecules interested in HMS(13). Figure 1. XRD patterns of HMS and HMS-TMAC- PAR. FT-IR spectra of HMS-TMAC-PAR is shown in Fig. 2. The HMS-TMAC-PAR sample show the characteristic Si- O- Si bands associated by the shape of a condensed silica network that be present at 1091, 965, 799 and 459 cm−1. The findings revealed that the mesoporous silica (HMS) has been grafted via TMAC organic molecules(13). Fig. 1. FT-IR spectra of (a) HMS, and (b) HMS-TMAC-PAR. 3.2.Calibration graph The effects of various factors such as pH, reaction time, amount of material needed, and the presence of various concentration of vanadium were studied to optimize the conditions for quick visual detection of vanadium. Fig..3represents the absorbance of HMS-TMAC-PAR at 510 nm against vanadium concentrations and shows a linear correlation in the range from 40 to 500 ppb with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 . The nonlinear nature of the curve at higher concentrations is due to saturation effects. Fig.3.Calibration curves of the absorbance of HMS-TMAC-PAR with different concentrations  of vanadium at pH 12.0 at 510 nm. The detection limit of HMS-TMAC- PAR for vanadium was also tested. Fig. 3 represents the absorbance of HMS-TMAC-PAR at 510 nm against vanadium concentrations and a good linearity relationship was gained in the range of 40 to 500 ppb with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The spectrometer detection limit (DL) of vanadium using HMS-TMAC-PAR was estimated from the linear part of the calibration plot, according to the Eq. (1) DL = (1) where k is a factor equal to 3, m is the slope of the calibration graph in the lin-ear range, and Sb is the standard deviation for the blank. Here, The accuracy and precision of the method were tested by five successive measurements using a standard solution of 200ppb of vanadium. The resultant DL value is 0.88ppb. 3.3. Effect of the pH In order to determine the pH effect on the detection capacity of HMS-TMAC- PAR in batch experiments, solutions were prepared at different pH levels ranging from 2, 7 and 10. The pH-dependence studies showed that the complexation of vanadium with HMS-TMAC- PAR is formed in a wide range of pH, from 2 to 10(Fig. 4), which is similar to the results reported by Gang Li et al(13) . Also displays that upon the addition of vanadium, the virtual maximum absorption at pH 10.0, which has been selected as the specific pH for detecting vanadium in aqueous solution using HMS -TMAC- PAR. Hence, the maximum color and spectrum development of [V–HTP]n+ complexes were at a pH value of 10. Fig. 4. Effect of pH on absorbance at 510 nm in UV–vis spectra of HMS-TMAC-PAR (0.5 g L−1 ) with vanadium 200ppb. 3.4. Effect of the reaction time Studies on the reaction time indicated that the kinetic time response of the V–HTP complex formation was studied by constantly monitoring the absorption spectra .as shown in Fig. 5. After addition of 200ppb of vanadium, the absorbance increases rapidly within 90 s and in that case residue constant with time, so shows that the reaction has completed. . Therefore HMSTMAC- PAR had been can suplid rapid colorimetric detection. Fig. 5. Response time of HMS-TMAC-PAR (0.5 g L−1, pH 12.0) with vanadium 200ppb the later addition of vanadium ions, the color change of the sensors as a function of time. The findings revealed that charge transfer among the vanadium and PR probe has been accomplished in a short time (30 s ≠¤ Response time ≠¥180s) caused by the aptitude of the nanostructured sensors with open, great, and identical pore architectures to let the able binding of vanadium ions with graft PR-probe. actually the high metal change, that is ion transport, and the similarity of the metal–ligand binding were significantly affected by the structural morphology and geometry, as obviously evidence from the Response time value(14). 3.5. Effect of sensor amount Studies on the sensor amount (Fig. 6) indicated that In actual fact, porosity, high surface area of the HMS hexagonal materials are beneficial to permit high adsorption capability of the chromophore investigation in quick kinetic systems. The amount adsorbed of the probe have a important roul in making a significant ion-sensing system. but , results show that the nature of the ion-sensing system is also reliant on the amount of solid support-probe used. On the other hand, the PR probe concentration significantly led to better sensitivity of the chemo sensors. The results show that 0.5 gr of sensors was enough to monitor a respectable color separation between the blank and the sample even at low vanadium ion concentration. Fig. 6. Effect of HMS-TMAC-PAR sensor amounts with vanadium (200 ppb) at pH 10.0, 510 nm 3.6. Effect concentration of vanadium In order to evaluate the effect of initial vanadium concentration, The naked-eye detection is achieved at a concentration range of 40–400 ppb using HMS-TMAC-PAR Fig.7. A considerable color change for HMS-TMAC-PAR is observed from yellow to purple with an increase in vanadium concentration Fig. 7. Color reaction of HMS-TMAC-PAR (0.5 g L−1, pH 10.0) with various concentrations of vanadium conclusions A highly sensitive optical sensor for the visual detection of low concentrations of vanadium is designed by the immobilization of PAR on the functionalized HMS. The high sensitivity of the optical sensor could be caused by its high surface area and the uniform pore sizes and pore shapes of the mesoporous silica. Controlled experimental conditions also allowed naked-eye detection of vanadium ion concentration with detection limit as low as 0.88ppb In alkaline solutions .generally, HMS-TMAC-PAR provide strange sensitivity, reusability and fast colorimetric detection of heavy metal ions, particularly vanadium for track of heavy metal pollutants in the environmental samples. The findings revealed that it could be successfully used as a colorimetric optical sensor for the quantitative and qualitative detection of very low concentrations of vanadium in various samples. REFERENCES PyrzyØ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ska K, Wierzbicki T. Determination of vanadium species in environmental samples. Talanta. 2004;64(4):823-9. Adachi A, Sawada S, Shida K, Nakamura E, Okano T. Determination of vanadium in foods by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 1999;5(1):15-21. Full TOC. 6.12 Vanadium. Changes.523:80. Hiraki K, Nakaguchi Y, Morita M, Kitamaki H. Determination of trace vanadium by addition of both sodium selenite and calcium chloride with polarized Zeeman effect graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytical sciences. 1986;2:561-6. Filik H, Berker KI, Balkis N, Apak R. Simultaneous preconcentration of vanadium (V/IV) species with palmitoyl quinolin-8-ol bonded to amberlite XAD 2 and their separate spectrophotometric determination with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol using CDTA as masking agent. Analytica chimica acta. 2004;518(1):173-9. McDonagh C, Burke CS, MacCraith BD. Optical chemical sensors. Chemical reviews. 2008;108(2):400. Morante-Zarcero S, Snchez A, Fajardo M, del Hierro I, Sierra I. Voltammetric analysis of Pb (II) in natural waters using a carbon paste electrode modified with 5-mercapto-1-methyltetrazol grafted on hexagonal mesoporous silica. Microchimica Acta.169(1-2):57-64. Melde BJ, Johnson BJ, Charles PT. Mesoporous silicate materials in sensing. Sensors. 2008;8(8):5202-28. P.T. Tanev, M. Chibwe, T.J. Pinnavaia, Titanium-containing mesoporous molecular sieves for catalytic oxidation of aromatic compounds, Nature 368 (1994)321–323. Martn N, Lpez-Gaona A, Viniegra M, Villamil P, CØ £rdoba G. Synthesis and characterization of a mesoporous HMS and its use as support of platinum catalysts. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis.101(2):491-500. Aguado J, Arsuaga JM, Arencibia A, Lindo M, Gascn V. Aqueous heavy metals removal by adsorption on amine-functionalized mesoporous silica. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009;163(1):213-21. Balaji T, Sasidharan M, Matsunaga H. Naked eye detection of cadmium using inorganic-organic hybrid mesoporous material. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2006;384(2):488-94. Liu T, Li G, Zhang N, Chen Y. An inorganic-organic hybrid optical sensor for heavy metal ion detection based on immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol on functionalized HMS. Journal of Hazardous Materials.201-â€Å"202(0):155-61. Zhang N, Li G, Cheng Z, Zuo X. Rhodamine B immobilized on hollow Au-HMS material for naked-eye detection of Hg 2+ in aqueous media. Journal of hazardous materials. 2012;229– 230(2012):404-10. [1] -Atomic emission spectroscopy [2] Iinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [3]-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy [4] N-trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride

Attitudes Towards Love in Pre-1900 and 1990s Poetry Essay -- William

Attitudes Towards Love in Pre-1900 and 1990's Poetry â€Å"The Despairing Lover† written by William Walsh was written pre 1900 whilst the second poem â€Å"I Wouldn’t Thank you for a Valentine† by Liz Lockhead was written in the 1990’s. These poems are almost a century apart. Attitude towards love changes over time and these poems represent this. I Wouldn’t Thank you for a Valentine is about how people think about Valentine’s Day in the 1990’s, while The Despairing Lover is showing what people think and how important they see love in the 1990’s. In â€Å"The Despairing Lover† William Walsh sets out the poem like a story with a beginning a middle and an end. This narrative structure of the poem gives the poem three clear stages this making the poem clearer to the reader and enables the poets written words to portray his ideas with the poem. In the first stanza William Walsh is seen to be in ‘anguish’ over his loss of his lover. However in the second stanza his mood swings to being just unhappy to suicidal, â€Å"it’s torment projecting and sadly reflecting’. This also shows how the poet William Walsh’s mind is working. In the third stanza, the poet realizes he might get ‘a new love.’ William Walsh realises his loss and believes he can find someone else. The words used in the despairing lover shows Walsh emotions, for example the use of the word â€Å"anguish† instead of angry is used because it is more dramatic. After reading the first two stanza’s the reader is almost positive that the poet is going to commit suicide and is just leading up to a big climax where he jumps. However there is an unexpected twist where the poet just calms down and thinks he can find love again. This shows the poet’s structure of the poem and how ... ...ion and repetition. Another comparison between the two poems is we are both hearing the viewpoint from the poet not from anybody else. Both the poems also have a story behind them. I wouldn’t thank you for a valentine has a hidden story and that is about something bad happening to her on valentines day. While the despairing lover story is about the poet coping with the break up from his lover. On the other hand their are also many differences between the two poems. There structure is different while the despairing lover is set out like a story with a begging a middle and an end. I wouldn’t thank you for a valentine structure is set out like a list. Another difference is that the despairing lover has rhyming couplets while the second poem doesn’t. A final difference between the two poems is the both have different opinions on love and what love is like.

Steve Jobs Essay -- essays research papers

Steve Jobs was born on February 25, 1955. He was soon adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs of Mountain View, CA. Steve wasn’t happy at school in Mountain View so the family moved to Palo Alto, CA. Steve attended Homestead High School. His electronics teacher recalled that he was "something of a loner" and "always had a different way of looking at things". [www.apple-history.com] After school, Steve attended lectures at Hewlett Packard Electronics firm in Palo Alto, CA. There he was hired as a summer employee. Another employee at Hewlett-Packard was Steven Wozniak, a recent drop-out from the University of California, Berkeley. "Woz" was an engineering whiz with a passion for inventing electric gadgets. He worked on perfecting an illegal gadget called "blue Box" that allowed them to get free long distance calls from pay phones. Jobs helped "Woz" to sell a number of "blue boxes". In 1972 Steve graduated from high school and registered at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. After dropping out of Reed after one semester he hung around the campus for a year taking classes in philosophy and immersing himself in the counter culture. In 1974, Steve Jobs took a job as a video game designer at Atari, Inc., a pioneer in electronic arcade recreation. After a few months he saved enough money to go to India where he traveled in search of spiritual enlightenment with Dan Kottke, a fri...

History of Money Essay

Money is what you use to buy things. The idea of trading things is very old. A long time ago, people did not buy or sell with money. Instead, they traded one thing for another to get what they wanted or needed. One person who owned many cows could trade with another person who owned much wheat. Each would trade a little of what he had with the other, and support the people on his farm. This is known as barter. Other things that were easier to carry around than cows also came to be held as valuable, and were used as trade items, such as jewelry and spices. When people changed from trading in things like cows and wheat to using money instead, they needed things that would last a long time, still be valuable, and could be carried around. The first country in the world to make metal coins was called Lydia, sometime around 650 BC, in the western part of what is now Turkey. The Lydian coins were made of a weighed amount of precious metal and were stamped with a picture of a lion. This idea soon spread to Greece, the rest of the Mediterranean, and the rest of the world. Coins were all made to the same size and shape. In some parts of the world, different things have been used as money, like clam shells or blocks of salt. Besides being easier to carry than cows, using money had many other advantages. Money is easier to divide than many trade goods. If someone own cows, and wants to trade for only â€Å"half a cow’s worth† of wheat, he probably does not want to cut his cow in half. But if he sells his cow for money, and buys wheat with money, he can get exactly the amount he wants. Cows die, and wheat rots. But money lasts longer than most trade goods. If someone sells a cow for money, he can save that money away until he needs it. He can always leave it to his children when he dies. It can last a very long time, and he can use it at any time.

In Focus: Faye Glenn Abdellah’s Patient

For years, the existence and acceptance of nursing theories in different settings and aspects of nursing practice has transformed the profession in diverse ways both here and abroad. The utilization of such theories has provided the nursing community with specific knowledge and ways to enhance and develop skills and attitudes of nursing professionals in the practice of the profession. It has greatly helped in creating and sustaining our professional independence from the field of medicine by guiding our educational system, research methods and practice towards safe and quality care to patients (Marriner-Tomey, 1994; McLemore & Hill, 1965).The significance of studying nursing theories does not end with the benefits it may serve the profession in general. It also helps an individual, either a student or a nursing professional in several ways. An individual is able to develop critical thinking skills, able to differentiate values and hypotheses and able to find out purpose of functions in relation to the scope of practice of the nursing profession (Kozier, Erb, & Oliviere, 1995).In line with this, this paper attempts to analyze and evaluate a relevant nursing conceptual model authored by a renowned nurse theorist— Faye Glenn Abdellah, using the J. Fawcett’s Framework of Analysis and Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Nursing.Influenced by Virginia Henderson’s 14 principles of nursing, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Erik Erickson stages of development, Abdellah formulated her structural model with the goal of teaching and evaluating students and at the same time emphasize the need to create a body of knowledge exclusive to our profession that will help in gaining independence from the control of the medical profession  toward  patient-centered  care (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Faye Glenn Abdellah authored the typology of 21 nursing problems which was initially published in the 1960 edition of Pat ient-Centered Approaches to Nursing. Since its initial appearance, the typology had major impact on the nursing profession as well as on the development of other nursing theories (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems is a conceptual model which describes the significant concerns of nursing instead of linking different relationships into phenomena. The conceptual model is mainly concerned with patient’s needs and the role of nurses in problem identification using a problem-solving approach. Abdellah’s work is classified under the nursing philosophy category in the sense that her work is based on analysis, rationalization, research and logical argument instead of using experiential methods.Logically speaking, Abdellah’s model can be described as inductive since she derived observations from previous studies which became the basis for her conceptualization. Philosophical statements are said to be based on opinions, arguments or propositions of different people. These statements are not experimental in nature because such statements based on goal, traditions and/or values cannot be tested for its correctness or wrongness (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).In  analyzing  and  evaluating  Abdellah’s  theory, her  work  cannot  be  separated  from  thehistorical  background  where  the  conceptualization  of  the  21  nursing  problems  started.  It  wasin  the  1950s  when  the  nursing  profession  faced  a  lot  of  difficulties  arising  from  the  rapid   societal change and increasing demand for technological advancement. The methods and system used at that time  did not support and meet the demands of the rapid change thus creating a backlog in the nursing community. There was a lack of definition of nursing— its focus, scope and limitations especially that healthcare delivery to patie nts is mainly based on achieving institutional goals rather than meeting patient’s needs. The present system did not assist both the students and professionals in being attuned with the changes. Abdellah related this to the lack of scientific body of knowledge unique to the profession. That is why the formulation of the theory differentiated the practice of nursing from the practice of medicine emphasizing focus on 21 nursing problems that help patient in achieving state of wellness (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).Abdellah used the problem-solving approach in formulating the theory. She believes that a nurse should be able to identify and solve problems of patients in order to provide safe and quality care to patients. This identification of nursing problems, selection of data necessary to formulating and testing of interventions in assisting patient towards state of wellness closely resembles the nursing process. Abdellah pointed out that patients cannot receive quality care if the s teps are done improperly. In my opinion, Abdellah’s approach is effective in the sense that the approach guarantees positive client response if the steps are specifically and carefully executed. This approach also improves a nursing professional skills and attitude by enhancing problem-solving abilities through identification of nursing problems in meeting the needs of the patient (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).Abdellah’s model includes four (4) fundamental concepts essential to nursing— person, environment, health and nursing. The first major concept is the person. The concept of person is described as people having physical, physiological and sociological needs. In her conceptual model, the person or patient is the main reason for the existence of nursing. However, this is quite contradicting since the typology of 21 nursing problems lacks holism. The model entails that a person returns to an improved state only by resolving each problem identified by a nursing profes sional. It lacks holism in the sense that the patient or person which, is considered as a whole is not greater than the sum of it parts represented by his problems (Marriner-Tomey, 1994).Another major concept included in her theory is the concept of environment. This concept is the least conferred and least emphasized in her theory. This is mentioned limitedly in problem number 17. The model explains that the patient more often than not interrelate and act in response to the environment. It also explains that the nurse is also a part of the patient’s environment thus the nurse takes responsibility in making the environment conducive for restoration of health. Abdellah also states that environment is also the home and community from where the patient comes from that is why Abdellah emphasized the need to broaden our scope in identifying problems and not limit our scope in the hospital setting (Potter & Perry, 1993).The third concept is health. Abdellah discussed health as a st ate without illness. It is defined as a state without unmet needs and no anticipated or actual impairment. This is clearly exemplified in the list of 21 nursing problems. Abdellah also advocates holistic approach to patient-centered care and furthering the relevance of environmental factors in the concept of health (Potter & Perry, 1993).The last major concept is nursing. The concept of nursing is an essential element of her writing. In her model, nursing is defined as provision of service to individuals and families; therefore to society. It is mainly providing service to or for the patient or providing information that will significantly assist the patient in restoring health and alleviating impairment. Abdellah therefore viewed nursing as a helping profession (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998)..Although Abdellah’s work provided a comprehensive meaning of the four major concepts, there are no statements in Abdellah’s writing that states an y direct relationships among the four concepts. Each concept was only defined implicitly and no relational statements can be made out of it. The model is mainly concerned on development of a unique body of knowledge, which is nursing, through which identification of nursing problems and utilization of the problem-solving approach assists patients in meeting their needs. The model is said to have limited concepts and is only presented in a structural list. After Abdellah’s work has been published, her formulation of the 21 nursing problems has been a helpful tool in the areas of nursing practice, nursing research and nursing education (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).In our nursing practice, Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems has helped nursing professionals in dealing with patient care in an orderly and well-structured manner. In using this typology, a nursing professional, with the problem-solving approach, is able to identify pat ient’s problems, plan for his care and implement nursing interventions for the identified problem in a scientific manner. This problem-solving method has transformed our practice as we attempt to focus our attention to the client himself rather than focus on client’s medical condition which is more of the objective of the medical profession. Nursing professionals have also learned and understood the rationale behind each and every action we deliver to the client (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Abdellah’s work has also provided significant changes in the area of nursing research as well since her work is basically based on research too. Many theories have been developed since the introduction of Abdellah’s work. The present nursing diagnosis classification system is presumed to be an outgrowth of this typology. This nursing philosophy continues to be a preferred basis of nursing studies at present (Sigma Theta Tau Internation al Honor Society of Nursing, 1998).Nursing education also benefited from Abdellah’s work. As previously explained, there was a lack of scientific body unique to our profession that hindered our independence from the medical profession. Abdellah’s work presented such unique body and gave the nursing profession a chance to come out of the control of the medical model. Gaining professional autonomy has helped the nursing community project a professional identity that has been widely accepted all over the world   (Potter & Perry, 1993).Abdellah’s nursing philosophy brings about nursing activities that meet not only client’s needs but of the society as well in the long run if each goal is carefully achieved through the problem-solving approach making this nursing philosophy socially significant. Abdellah’s work is socially significant because the 21 nursing problems elicit relevant nursing actions that lead to the improvement and restoration of client ’s health status which in turn aids the client in resuming activities of daily living increasing his productivity level thus benefiting the society   (Potter & Perry, 1993).In conclusion, Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems remedied the predicaments faced by the profession in earlier times. It has helped teach and evaluate student’s competency through its formulation. It provided a means of gaining autonomy from the practice of medicine through the creation of a scientific body of knowledge unique to nursing.Abdellah’s work is very straightforward and uncomplicated. It explicitly described the major concepts essential to nursing such as nursing itself, nursing problems and the problem-solving approach through which the problems can be intervened. The concepts of health, person and environment which are now included in the scope of nursing are also implied.The goals of this model vary but all are directed to affect nursing. The extensive goal of t his model is to generally elicit positive transformation in nursing education while its subgoals would include providing a scientific basis for practice and a tool in evaluating student’s capacity and competency (McLemore & Hill, 1965).To date, Abellah did not only meet the goal of her work. Her work has also affected different aspects of nursing— nursing practice, nursing research and nursing education in general. As emphasized in this paper, Abdellah’s overall contribution to the body of nursing is the acquisition of professional autonomy and professional identity through the creation of the 21 nursing problems. Her problem-solving approach increases our assessment and critical-thinking skills needed in identifying client’s concerns to properly plan, select and implement our healthcare. It also enhances and promotes nurse-patient interaction as we make patients the central focus of care instead of focusing on the disease process (Parascandola, 1994).Nur sing has been practiced as profession for more than a century. The profession was based merely on rules, concepts and experiences passed on by professionals to students. It was only in the advent of serious discussion and testing of theories that nursing has been established as a science. Through Abdellah’s work and the development of other relevant nursing theories, we have proven that our profession can stand by itself and achieve our goals towards patient-centered care (Parascandola, 1994).ReferencesKozier, B., Erb, G., & Oliviere R. (1995). Fundamentals of nursing: Concepts, process and practice (5th edn). Redwood City, Ca: Addison-Wesley.Marriner-Tomey, S. (1994). Nursing theorists and their work (3rd edn). St. Louis Mosby.Parascandola, J. (1994).   In Leadership in public health, women in the public health service.   Retrieved January 26, 2007 from http://www.uic.edu/sph/chs/php/PUBLICATIONS/WOMEN%20IN%20THE%20PUBLIC%20HEALTH%20SERPotter, P. and Perry, S. (1993). Fu ndamentals of nursing: Concepts, process and practice (3rd edn.) St. Louis: C.V. MosbyMcLemore, D. & Hill, R. (1965). Role change and socialization in nursing.The Pacific Sociological Review, 8(1).Mullins, N. (1986). Mosby’s Medical and Nursing Dictionary (2nd edn). St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Company.Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing. (1998). Interview with Faye G. Abdellah on nursing research and health policy. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 30(3),215-219.

Current Examples of Fascism Essay

Even though there aren’t any more fascist countries in the world, there are many groups or organizations that have still been running using fascist ideologies. The KKK, or the Ku Klux Klan, is a racist, anti-Semitic movement with a commitment to extreme violence to achieve its goals of racial segregation and white supremacy. Of all the types of right-wing hate groups that exist in the United States, the Klan remains the one with the greatest number of national and local organizations around the country. More than 40 different Klan groups exist, many having multiple chapters, or â€Å"klaverns,† including a few that boast a presence in a large number of states. There are over a hundred different Klan chapters around the country, with a combined strength of members and associates that may total around 5,000. After a period of relative quiet, Ku Klux Klan activity has spiked noticeably upwards in 2006, as Klan groups have attempted to exploit fears in America over gay marr iage, perceived â€Å"assaults† on Christianity, crime and especially immigration. The Ku Klux Klan first emerged following the Civil War as America’s first true terrorist group. Since its inception, the Ku Klux Klan has seen several cycles of growth and collapse, and in some of these cycles the Klan has been more extreme than in others. In all of its incarnations, however, the Klan has maintained its dual heritage of hate and violence. At first, the Ku Klux Klan focused its anger and violence on African-Americans, on white Americans who stood up for them, and against the federal government which supported their rights. Subsequent incarnations of the Klan, which typically emerged in times of rapid social change, added more categories to its enemies list, including Jews, Catholics (less so after the 1970s), homosexuals, and different groups of immigrants. In most of these cases, these perceived enemies were minority groups that came into direct economic competition with the lower- and working-class whites that formed the core constituency of the Klan in most of its incarnations. Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II social or political movements seeking to revive Nazism.The term neo-Nazism can also refer to the ideology of these movements. Neo-Nazism borrows elements from Nazi doctrine, including militant nationalism, racism, xenophobia, homophobia, and antisemitism. Holocaust denial is a common feature, as is incorporation of Nazi symbols and admiration of Adolf Hitler. It is related to the white nationalist and white power skinhead movements in many countries. Neo-Nazi activity appears to be a global phenomenon, with organized representation in many countries, as well as international networks. Some European and Latin American countries have laws prohibiting the expression of pro-Nazi, racist, anti-Semitic or anti-gay views. Many Nazi-related symbols are banned in European countries in an effort to curtail neo-Nazism. Countries that have the neo-nazism parties are mostly European countries, but the ones listed were 1 Europe.

Juvie Three Essay

Imagine that you have stolen a car and got away to help your brother get away from the crime scene where he stole some video games. Then while you are driving after the getaway the car flips over and you wake up behind rusted bars in an orange jumpsuit. Going to juvie is tough for this 14 year old and 2 others but their second chance has luckily come. They are all offered to get out of juvie by Douglas Healy. The three boys have to live in apartment with him in NYC and they have to go to school, work, be involved in a community service and attend therapy sessions. One slipup and they are back to juvie. Terrence, one of the 3 boys tries to escape through the emergency escape but Arjay, another one of the boys, and Gecko stop him and get into an argument. Healy comes and tries to settle it down but falls over and hits the ground unconscious. The boys steal a car and rush him to a hospital. Stealing the car was something they would get sent back to juvie for, so they try to play it off that Healy is still with them even though he has lost his memory and is in the hospital. As they do that they get away from the cops chasing them when breaking Healy out. He regains memory when they are in a battle with the worst gang in NY. Three versus five man battle they were outnumbered. But the cops spot the action on the emergency escape and stop it. Gecko put the car back exactly where he found it after he stole it and they broke out Healy because of all the right reasons even though it was wrong so they are home free. Well not Terence, Gecko, and Arjay but they don’t go to juvie.

Pornography and US Law Essay

In Catherine Mackinnon’s book â€Å"Only Words† she describes U. S law as a very strong indictment of a law system in conflict with itself. The book is divided and is a collection of three essays. The first one is a heavy and emotional criticism of pornography. The other two essays evaluate and compare pornography and sexual harassment with racial discrimination and abuse. She defines pornography as â€Å"explicit sexual material that subordinates women† (page 13). She argues that ‘pornography is sex’, as viewed by the American law, that only views it as a possible cause of injury, instead of an act of sexual discrimination that promotes sexual inequality. She holds that like other kinds of racial and hate speeches, it should be totally banned because it contributes heavily in the degradation, subordination and abuse of women in general. Mackinnon says even if pornography is a form of speech, this does not mean that it cannot be controlled and regulated by the government. She lashes out at the people who believe pornography and other acts of harassment and hate propaganda should be protected by law. Mackinnon argues that that pornography, harassment messages and racial speeches eventually do the same thing, which is ‘enact the abuse’. Porn, she says, lowers the dignity and self esteem of women and fuels the acts by â€Å"sexual harassers, wife beaters, child molesters, rapists and clients of prostitutes† (page 17). The first amendment promotes the problems the fourteenth amendment was supposed to fix. Mackinnon shows a society that is extremely hypocritical. Her words in the book have encompassed real abuse, directed at her as a woman; she has really tried to prove her point. Mackinnon believes that we need to change the first amendment in order to balance it out with the fourteenth amendment on issues concerning free speech and protection of equality. She is campaigning for the â€Å"new model in which free speech does not most readily protect the activities of Nazis, Klansmen and pornographers, while doing nothing for their victims† (page 32). She commended two Canadian court decisions which promoted the rights of people negatively affected by pornography and hate speeches and propaganda. Word that involve issues such as bribes, fixing of prices and segregation of facilities are treated as acts of law, but words or pictures target issues involving race and sex are not treated as acts of law, and that is why the courts end up permitting pornography in our societies. She shows how lawyers and judges have used the first amendment to justify the heinous acts of pornographers and racist individuals into political speech. She says that if words have ever been recognized as actions it is in situations concerning sexual harassment. She laments that the courts have reduced their effectiveness by overturning universities’ restraints of discriminatory and sexual speeches on campus by throwing out a complaint brought forward by a female shipyard worker who was harassed by having been shown pornography, which is a form of speech that is protected in the first amendment. In fact these words and pictures are protected by law explained as ‘the free and open exchange of ideas’, even reproduced for viewing. Mackinnon says that what the law is concerned with is not what the word does but what the consequences of the word is, the harassment, racism and hate speeches is showing the differences between the different social groups, the power one group has over another. Mackinnon through studies in workplaces, pornographers, on college campuses and others she shows these very discriminatory acts are protected by law as free speech; equality will only be seen and treated as a word. Mackinnon brings to the open many of the contradictions she has been saying in the previous essays, she says that â€Å"the law of equality and the law of freedom of speech are on a collision course in this country† (page 47). Mackinnon does a good job in showing the ignorance and shallow thinking of many defenders of pornography. The book is a passionate and eloquent plea to Americans to be able to see beyond the doctrines made normal by society, in particular concerning pornography and racial and hate speeches. She says that Americans suffer from obsession of expressive freedom to the trauma of the McCarthy era. Her arguments show that in some levels, pornography may be restricted, but it has not yet shown reason to be restricted. She later confuses by emphasizing that some of them are made from â€Å"actual child abuse and actual rape and tortures† (page 56). Certain weaknesses are evident in the book. First of all, she should have devoted more space for the definition of pornography so that it would have been applicable in law. Another weakness is the vague separation of debating and expressing intolerable ideas. These prevent from having clearly defined boundaries. What she fails to bring out in her book is the other side of free speech, the importance of free speech in an independent society like political accountability, self determination among others. Catherine Mackinnon’s views do have pros and cons. Her view that pornography should be controlled by the government I believe is a good thing. Pornography has really led to degradation of the society and this will reduce if it is controlled. To some extent it does lead to subordination of women leading to more cases of aggression towards women, it eventually ‘enacts the abuse’. Her suggestion that amendments should be made to the constitution to be able to defend those affected by pornography I believe is also a good thing. Campaigning for the new model that free speech does not protect the activities of those using the right of free speech to justify their actions is also a good idea. Some of the abuses of sexual inequality are regarded as free speech hence not seen as acts of sexual abuse. Lawyers and judges have used this to justify some of the issues affecting the society such as hate speeches, pornography and racial discrimination. Some of the cons is that she uses very few words to explain the definition of pornography, she should have taken more time define her view of pornography. I believe that pornography should be regulated and have to agree with Catherine Mackinnon. Pornography has caused serious consequences to the society in general and therefore should be controlled. The pornographers have the freedom to do a lot and they are protected by the constitution. To some extent it does lead to subordination of women, hence pornography should be controlled.

Critique The Mommy Tax by Ann Crittenden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique The Mommy Tax by Ann Crittenden - Essay Example Notably, Crittenden’s perspectives in regards to this statement extend beyond these earlier considerations as she additionally argues that this income disparity is linked to the women’s role as potential mother. She argues that one of the central desires of the workplace is have workers that are entirely unencumbered so that they can be entirely devoted to their employment. Women then present a challenge to this paradigm as if they have or may children they could be hindered in their job duties. For Crittenden then this constitutes a ‘mommy tax’. She believes that social activists should address this added tax in pro-active ways. Crittenden further criticizes this income disparity from a variety of perspectives. She articulates her own experience having children and having lost out of a significant amount of income. Additionally she notes that individuals in the highest paying jobs face the great challenges as they have the most skill and responsibility considerations. She notes that such distinctions between men and women have existed at least as early as the Bible. In current practice they take on a significant amount of importance as women who are childless make more than women who have children. There are a number of further contributing elements that researchers have identified. One considers that oftentimes workplaces refrain from paying maternity leave. Oftentimes mother’s work part time and are believed to have a recreational attitude towards work. Ultimately, Crittenden argues that the government should extend financial benefits towards mother, as well develop a more comprehensive take on anti-discriminatory practices. While Crittenden’s recognition that there is a tax on mothers in the work place is valid, it seems that such a tax is an in-born part of the financial system. In these regards, mothers truly do contribute less than individuals that are less encumbered by

Case Study in B2B Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Case Study in B2B Marketing - Essay Example The company TCL has been stated to be quite established which provides its clients with a complete assortment of services related to marketing and advertising. The services entail advertising, website development, online marketing, direct marketing as well as public relations. The client list of the company consists of an extensive variety of companies ranging from furniture retailers, garden centres, local parks with theme and universities. The company is believed to have created a superior reputation for itself in terms of offering a dependable, consistent, proficient and gracious service. It is known to be engaged with the B2B marketing and thus the bulk of its respective business is believed to be attained with the help of reference selling or rather word-of-mouth suggestion. This advertising as well as marketing company has witnessed tough times in its business owing to the economic downturn which is making the company to entail certain required alterations in its marketing plan s for the reason of ensuring its survival in this environment. The marketing mix of the company TCL calls for the requirement of few alterations in order to meet up to the marketing aims ascertained by the company. The effectual and the competent formulation of a fresh or transformed marketing mix would need a lucid comprehension of the present marketing objectives or aims of the company. The company has been made to witness few challenges in terms of its existing business owing the recent economic downturn. The other grave challenge experienced by TCL has been measured to be the exceeding fragmentation of the market. The market in which the company operates has been found to be sectioned and consists of increased amount of small as well as

Construction contracts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Construction contracts - Research Paper Example Variation Types Variations are not restricted merely to the work specification, the cost specification or other quality aspects. Instead, variation can constitute a number of different aspects a few of which are2: an addition to work specifications; an omission to work specifications; a change of materials; changes to construction sequence; working hours change; corrections in the contract documents; corrections in the Bill of Quantities (BoQs) for descriptions and / or quantities of materials used; changes to third party work schedule and scope; changes in the timeline agreed upon in the original contract; changes required to deal with unforeseen circumstances / force majeure. In addition to describing variations as changes to the work, its scope, its cost, quality and other aspects, another potent method of defining variation is as per the party that initiates the variation. CEBE3 has provided a comprehensive method to describe variation as per the initiating party. The causes for variation as per the initiating party have been used to classify variations in an attempt to cover as many variations as possible. The major classifications of variations provided are owner related, consultant related, contractor related and other variations. The research by CEBE provides that there are approximately 53 discernible types of variations that might occur in any construction contract situation4. The various types of variations are shown in detail in the diagram provided below: Figure 1 - Causes of variation as expounded by CEBE (2006) Impacts of Variation Types on Contract Dimensions It would not be possible to discuss all the different types of variations and to analyze them as per FIDIC’s Red Book (1999) interpretations. A few... It would not be possible to discuss all the different types of variations and to analyze them as per FDIC's Red Book (1999) interpretations. A few major variations, including variations that are controversial as being variations or not, are discussed as per CABE classification presented above. A variation in project scope by the owner is one of the most common causes of variation, especially for construction projects. The owner is not on board in typical construction projects planning and design stages and this leads to changes in planning and scoping later. In such circumstances, since the originating party is the owner, the engineer is required to submit a proposal for variation to the contractor as per sub-clause 13.3 of the FIDIC Red Book (1999). Processing of the variation requested is subject to the contractor’s choosing and the owner would have to convince the contractor to comply. Additionally, the condition of the Red Book’s sub-clause that the contractor cannot stop work as variation proposals are being shuttled seems unreasonable. For example, if the owner requires an extensive change of scope that involves the current work, the contractor still has to keep working in the agreed direction even though he proposes variations simultaneously. The lack of clarification for major scope changes makes subclause 13.3 ambiguous and open to dispute between contracting parties. Another area of contention for variation may arise if the owner’s cash stream is somehow affected.